For a life annuitant who has lived beyond life expectancy, what is the source of funds for additional benefits?

In the context of life annuities, when an annuitant has lived beyond their life expectancy, additional benefits are sourced from funds not distributed to deceased annuitants. This is because life annuities are often structured in a way that the risk is pooled among multiple participants. When an annuitant passes away before their life expectancy, any funds that were allocated for their benefits can be reallocated to support the benefits of those who are still living, particularly those who exceed their expected lifespan.

This pooling of resources allows insurers to provide additional benefits to those who outlive their expected duration. Essentially, the funds that would have been used for payments to deceased individuals are preserved in the pool, and those reserve funds can be used to enhance the payouts for surviving annuitants. This mechanism is fundamental to the operation of life annuities and assures that the insurer can maintain a level of benefit distribution that supports annuitants who live longer than expected.

The other options relate to contributions or financial mechanisms that do not directly pertain to the allocation of unused funds from deceased annuitants. Premium contributions made after a certain age, for instance, would not typically alter the arrangement of how funds are managed for living annuitants. Similarly, excess